Renal
Nephrology
AKI, GN, CKD & electrolytes. KDIGO stages, AEIOU, nephritic vs nephrotic, and the sodium/potassium playbook.
01
Acute kidney injury — definition & workup
KDIGO: Stage 1 Cr ↑0.3 in 48 h or 1.5–1.9×; Stage 2 2–2.9×; Stage 3 3×, Cr ≥4, or RRT. Also UOP criteria.
Anishaa Sivakumar5 min6 Qs02
AKI management & renal emergencies
Fix volume, stop NSAIDs/ACE/ARB if prerenal/AKI, avoid hyperglycemia and unnecessary contrast. Large-volume resuscitation: LR > NS (SMART/SALT-ED).
Anishaa Sivakumar6 min6 Qs03
Glomerular disease
Nephrotic: ≥3.5 g/day + albumin <3. Loop diuretics, salt restriction, statin, ACE/ARB, VTE ppx if albumin <2 (especially membranous).
Joyita Bharati5 min6 Qs04
Chronic kidney disease
CKD: eGFR <60 or kidney damage (albuminuria ≥30 mg/day) for ≥3 months (KDIGO 2024).
Joyita Bharati5 min6 Qs05
Advanced diuresis
Loops have a sigmoidal threshold. If no UOP, double the dose — do not give the same subthreshold dose q6h.
Spencer Flynn5 min6 Qs06
Sodium disorders
Hyponatremia = excess free water relative to sodium. Workup: osmolality, volume, Uosm, UNa.
Anishaa Sivakumar7 min6 Qs07
Potassium disorders
98% of K is intracellular. Insulin and β2 agonists shift K in; acidosis and succinylcholine shift K out.
Joyita Bharati6 min6 Qs08
Magnesium & phosphorus
HypoMg: neuromuscular irritability, prolonged QT/TdP, resistant hypoK and hypoCa (functional hypoparathyroidism). IV Mg if severe or TdP (2 g).
Joyita Bharati5 min6 Qs